Description of the Radar shape models of asteroids compiled by Lawrence bundle V1.0 ==================================================================================== Bundle Generation Date: 2020-10-07 Peer Review: 2019 Asteroid Review Discipline node: Small Bodies Node Content description for the Radar shape models of asteroids compiled by Lawrence bundle ======================================================================================== This data set contains ground-based radar shape models of asteroids generated by the method developed by Hudson (1993) and improved by Magri et al. (2007). The asteroids were observed from the Arecibo Observatory and the Goldstone facility. Ostro (1993) provides a summary of the observing systems at each facility. The table below indicates which observatories were used to estimate the shape models and their respective publications. 2100 Ra-Shalom Arecibo Shepard et al. 2008; Shepard et al. 2000 4486 Mithra Goldstone Arecibo Brozovic et al. 2010 4660 Nereus Goldstone Arecibo Brozovic et al. 2009 10115 1992 SK Goldstone Busch et al. 2006 29075 1950 DA Goldstone Arecibo Busch et al. 2007 33342 1998 WT24 Goldstone Arecibo Busch et al. 2008 54509 YORP Goldstone Arecibo Taylor et al. 2007 66391 1999 KW4 Goldstone Arecibo Ostro et al. 2006 136617 1994 CC Goldstone Arecibo Brozovic et al. 2011 276049 2002 CE26 Arecibo Shepard et al. 2006 341843 2008 EV5 Goldstone Arecibo Busch et al. 2011 Nearly all of these observations were monostatic (i.e. transmitting and receiving with the same telescope). A subset of the observations of asteroid (33342) 1998 WT24 used Goldstone's DSS-14 to transmit and DSS-13 to receive (i.e. bistatic). The polyhedral shape models are specified by the coordinates of the vertices of the polyhedron in conjunction with the linkages of the vertices into triangular facets. The origin of the models is the center of mass and the axes are the principal axes. The z-axis is the spin axis or positive pole. Units are in kilometers. The shape model files are equivalent to wavefront or .obj formats. The models have the following format: v x1 y1 z1 v x2 y2 z2 v x3 y3 z3 (etc.) f i1 j1 k1 f i2 j2 k2 f i3 j3 k3 (etc.) where the letter 'v' denotes a vertex and the letter 'f' denotes a triangular facet. The vertex table is the first part of the files and describes the positions of the vertices of the shape model. The floating point numbers x1 y1 z1 are the coordinates of vertex 1 etc. The linking of the vertices into facets is provided in the facet table and listed in the second half of the files. The units of the vertices and facets are kilometers (km). Files containing the target's spin state include the pole's ecliptic latitude and longitude with their uncertainties, in degrees; the rotational period and uncertainty, in hours; the zero-time epoch with the target's rotation phase, in degrees, at the initial epoch. Each shape model is presented in a peer review journal referenced below. Users are encouraged to consult the published paper for caveats and uncertainties in the data. REFERENCES: ============ Brozovic, M., S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, J.D. Giorgini, R.F. Jurgens, R. Rose, M.C. Nolan, A.A. Hine, C. Magri, D.J.Scheeres, J.L. Margot, Radar observations and a physical model of asteroid 4660 Nereus, a prime space mission target, Icarus, 201, 153-166, 2009, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.12.029. Brozovic, M., L.A.M. Benner, C. Magri, S.J. Ostro, D.J.Scheeres, J.D. Giorgini, M.C. Nolan, J.L. Margot, R.F. Jurgens, R. Rose, Radar observations and a physical model of contact binary asteroid 4486 Mithra, Icarus 208, 207-220, 2010, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2010.01.035. Brozovic, M., L.A.M. Benner, P.A. Taylor, M.C. Nolan, E.S. Howell, C. Magri, D.J. Scheeres, J.D. Giorgini, J.T. Pollock, P. Pravec, A. Galad, J. Fang, J.L. Margot, M.W. Busch, M.K. Shepard, D.E. Reichart, K.M. Ivarsen, J.B. Haislip, A.P. LaCluyze, J. Jao, M.A. Slade, K.J. Lawrence, M.D. Hicks, Radar and optical observations and physical modeling of triple near-Earth asteroid (136617) 1994 CC, Icarus, 216, 241-256, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.09.002. Busch, M.W., S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, J.D. Giorgini, R.F. Jurgens, R. Rose, C. Magri, P. Pravec, D.J. Scheeres, S.B. Broschart, Radar and optical observations and physcial modeling of near-Earth asteroid 10115 (1992 SK), Icarus 181, 145-155, 2006, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2005.10.024. Busch, M.W., J.D. Giorgini, S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, R.F. Jurgens, R. Rose, M.D. Hicks, P. Pravec, P. Kusnirak, M.J. Ireland, D.J. Scheeres, S.B. Broschart C. Magri, M.C. Nolan, A.A. Hine, J.L. Margot, Physical modeling of near-Earth asteroid (29075) 1950 DA, Icarus, 190, 608-621, 2007, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.03.032. Busch, M.W., L.A.M. Benner, S.J. Ostro, J.D. Giorgini, R.F. Jurgens, R. Rose, D.J. Scheeres, C. Magri, J.L. Margot, M.C. Nolan, A.A. Hine, Physical properties of near-Earth asteroid (33342) 1998 WT24, Icarus, 195, 614-621, 2008, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2008.01.020. Busch, M.W., S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, M. Brozovic, J.D. Giorgini, J.S. Jao, D.J. Scheeres, C. Magri, M.C. Nolan, E.S. Howell, P.A. Taylor, J.L. Margot, W. Brisken, Radar observations and the shape of near-Earth asteroid 2008 EV5, Icarus, 212, 649-660, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2011.01.013. Hudson, S., 1993. Three-dimensional reconstruction of asteroids from radar observations. Remote Sens. Rev. 8, 195-203. Magri, C., Ostro, S.J., Scheeres, D.J., Nolan, M.C., Giorgini, J.D., Benner, L.A.M., Margot, J.-L., 2007. Radar observations and a physical model of Asteroid 1580 Betulia. Icarus 186, 152-177. Ostro, S. J., 1993. Planetary radar astronomy. Reviews of Modern Physics 65, 1235-1279. Ostro, S.J., J.L. Margot, L.A.M. Benner, J.D. Giorgini, D.J. Scheeres, E.G. Fahnestock, S.B. Broschart, J. Bellerose, M.C. Nolan, C. Magri, P. Pravec, P. Scheirich, R. Rose, R.F. Jurgens, E.M. de Jong, and S. Suzuki, Radar imaging of binary near-Earth asteroid (66391) 1999 KW4, Science, 314, 1276-1280, 2006, doi:10.1126/science.1133622. Shepard, M.K., L.A.M. Benner, S.J. Ostro, A.W. Harris, K.D. Rosema, I.I. Shapiro, J.F. Chandler, D.B. Campbell, Radar observations of asteroid 2100 Ra-Shalom, Icarus, 147, 520-529, 2000, doi:10.1006/icar.2000.6470. Shepard, M.K., J.L. Margot, C. Magri, M.C. Nolan, J. Schlieder, B. Estes, S.J. Bus, E.L. Volquardsen, A.S. Rivkin, L.A.M. Benner, J.D. Giorgini, S.J. Ostro, M.W. Busch, Radar and infrared observations of binary near-Earth asteroid 2002 CE26, Icarus, 184, 198-210, 2006, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2006.04.019. Shepard, M.K., B.E. Clark, M.C. Nolan, L.A.M Benner, S.J. Ostro, J.D. Giorgini, F. Vilas, K. Jarvis, S. Lederer, L. Lim, T. McConnochie, J.F. Bell, J.L. Margot, A.S. Rivkin, P. Pravec, Multi-wavelength observations of asteroid 2100 Ra-Shalom, Icarus, 193, 20-38, 2008, doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2007.09.006, 2008. Taylor, P.A., J.L. Margot, D. Vokrouhlicky, D.J. Scheeres, P. Pravec, S.C. Lowry, A. Fitzsimmons, M.C. Nolan, S.J. Ostro, L.A.M. Benner, J.D. Giorgini, C. Magri, Spin rate of asteroid (54509) 2000 PH5 increasing due to the YORP effect, Science, 316, 274-277, 2007, doi:10.1126/science.1139038. Caveats to the data user ======================== This data set contains the 3-D shape models for various asteroids. The user is encouraged to consult the published papers for caveats and uncertainties in the data.