PDS_VERSION_ID = PDS3 RECORD_TYPE = STREAM SPACECRAFT_NAME = GALILEO_ORBITER INSTRUMENT_NAME = "NEAR INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER" INSTRUMENT_ID = NIMS OBJECT = TEXT NOTE = "Introduction to the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product." PUBLICATION_DATE = 2012-07-23 END_OBJECT = TEXT END Contributions by: James Granahan Science and Applications International Corporation 10932 Blake Lane Bealeton, VA 22712 Bob Mehlman, Frank Leader Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics University of California Box 951567 Los Angeles, California 90095-1567 Bob Carlson, Bill Smythe, Lucas Kamp, Ashley Davies, Valerie Henderson, Tyler Brown Jet Propulsion Laboratory 4800 Oak Grove Drive Pasadena, CA 91109 Eric Eliason, Chris Isbell United States Geological Survey Branch of Astrogeology 2255 North Gemini Drive Flagstaff, Arizona 86001 July 27, 2012 Version 3.0 (gapra_nims_hires_radiance product) January 19, 1996 Version 1.0 (Phase 0, Cruise) December 10, 1998 Version 2.0 (Phase 2, Jupiter Operations) CONTENTS 1 - INTRODUCTION 2 - GALILEO MISSION 3 - NIMS INSTRUMENT 4 - SPECTRAL IMAGE CUBES 5 - BROWSE PRODUCTS 6A - CALIBRATION NOTES 6B - POINTING GEOMETRY NOTES 7 - DISK DIRECTORY STRUCTURE 8 - INDEX FILES 9 - CALIBRATION AND GEOMETRY FILES 10 - SOFTWARE 11 - LABEL KEYWORD DESCRIPTIONS 12 - WHOM TO CONTACT FOR INFORMATION 13 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 14 - REFERENCES 1 - INTRODUCTION This data volume contains a radiometrically corrected spectral image cube of the highest spatial resolution observation of asteroid 951 Gaspra as acquired by the Galileo spacescraft Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) on October 29, 1991. It is the product of the calibration of the raw data number file gap016tn.qub with calibration factors contained in the file e1wanta2.qub and projected in a point perspective geometry. Both files are contained within the NASA pds archive of Galileo NIMS data. This spectral image cube, gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fits, combines data acquired during the asteroid 951 Gaspra encounter and the Earth encounters to produce a radiometrically calibrated product. 2 - GALILEO MISSION Galileo was a mission to Jupiter to perform long-term studies of the Jovian atmosphere and detailed studies of the Galilean satellites. The mission is divided into a launch/cruise phase and an orbital phase. The spacecraft trajectory required a deltaV Venus-Earth-Earth gravity assist (VEEGA). The cruise is divided into Earth-Venus (EV), Venus-Earth (VE), Earth-Earth (EE) and Earth-Jupiter segments -- with the initials used to associate observations with time. These cruise segments are further divided by spacecraft command loads, which are numbered, but not completely contiguously since some planned loads were later combined or eliminated. Important segments include VE6 (Venus encounter), EV9 and 11 (Earth 1 encounter), EE3 (Gaspra encounter), EE9 and 11 (Earth 2 encounter), EJ2 and EJ3 (Ida encounter) and EJ7 (Shoemaker-Levy 9 impact with Jupiter). Jupiter operations are divided into encounters, named for the satellite which is the principal target. The primary missions consist of the Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI) phase and Io encounter (I0) followed by encounters with Ganymede (G), Callisto (C) and Europa (E) designated by principal target and orbit number: G1, G2, C3, E4, E6, G7, G8, C9, C10 and E11. Data is not collected during the fifth encounter (J5) because Jupiter is behind the sun. [The Galileo Europa Mission (GEM) follows the Primary Mission. It will continue data collection in the Jupiter system, though primarily data from Europa and Io. There will be eight close encounters of Europa (E12, E14, E15, E16, E17, E18 and E19), four of Callisto (C20, C21, C22 and C23) and two of Io (I24 and I25) over a period of two years. Jupiter is behind the sun during the 13th encounter (E13).] The spacecraft was a dual-spinner, with the fundamental coordinate system in EME-1950 (Right Ascension, Declination, and Twist) and a hardware coordinate system in cone and clock. The associated spacecraft geometry is available as SPICE kernels generated by the NAIF group at JPL. The fundamental unit of the spacecraft clock is the RIM (Realtime IMaging count, 60 2/3 seconds). This is subdivided into 91 minor frames (2/3 seconds each) numbered from 0 to 90. Each minor frame is in turn subdivided into 10 RTIs (RealTime Interrupts), numbered 0 to 9. The spacecraft clock time is usually represented in the notation RIM:MF:RTI, where MF denotes the minor frame. Planned spacecraft events are described in the SSDF (Standard Sequence Data File). It is the source of several other files, including the ORPLN (ORbit PLaNning) file, the SEF (Spacecraft Event File) and the ISOE (Integrated Sequence Of Events) file. These are available through the Galileo Science Catalog. 3 - NIMS INSTRUMENT The Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) instrument is an imaging spectrometer covering the wavelength region 0.7 to 5.2 micrometers -- a region not studied by the Pioneer and Voyager spacecraft. Its spectral resolution is 0.025 micron beyond 1 micron, and 0.0125 microns below 1 micron, yielding 204 spectral elements in nominal mode. The nominal pixel size is a square 0.5 x 0.5 milliradians. The instrument acquires data in the order: (1) sampling of 17 detectors, (2) stepping of the scan mirror (20 elements in cross-cone), (3) stepping of the grating (nominally 12 steps per cycle). The nominal 204 wavelength cycle requires 4 1/3 seconds. The detectors (2 Silicon, 15 Indium Antinomide) sample approximately uniformly across the spectrum. A detailed description of the instrument may be found in [1] and in the document directory of this data volume. 4 - SPECTRAL IMAGE CUBES 4.1 - Data Set Overview The natural form of imaging spectrometer data is the spectral image cube. It is normally in band sequential format, but has a dual nature. It is a series of "images" of the target, each in a different wavelength. It is also a set of spectra, each at a particular line and sample, over the area observed. Each spectrum describes a small portion of the area. When transformed into cubes, the data may be analyzed spatially, an image at a time, or spectrally, a spectrum at a time, or in more complex spatial-spectral fashion. The gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product is a spectral image cube of the highest spatial resolution NIMS observations of asteroid 951 Gaspra. It is derived from data archived in the NASA Planetary Data Systems file gap016tn.qub that consists of data in raw data number values stored as a spectral image cube in a band sequential integer array. These raw data numbers were converted into little endian floating point values using sensor sensitivity values contained in the NIMS Earth observation e1wanta2.qub also archived in the NASA Planetary Data System. The gaspra_nims_hires_radiance pixels were rectified by creating a point perspective instrument projection and limbfitting pixels to the corresponding 951 Gaspra Galileo spacecraft CCD (Solid State Imager). The result is a rectified band sequential radiance spectral image cube of 951 Gaspra that is stored in the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance FITS file. 4.2 - Parameters A band in a NIMS cube is generated for each of the 17 detectors at each grating step. The motion of the grating is determined by the commanded instrument mode: Mode Grating Grating Bands steps increment Fixed Map/Spectrometer 1 0 17 Short Map/Spectrometer 6 4 102 Full Map/Spectrometer 12 2 204 Long Map/Spectrometer 24 1 408 The gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product was created from NIMS data collected in the fixed map spectrometer mode. The wavelengths of the bands are determined by the commanded start and offset grating positions, and by wavelength calibrations conducted on the ground and occasionally during flight. They are also weak functions of grating temperature. The pixels in the cube of the observation of 951 Gaspra are in units of radiance. The radiances are derived from the 10-bit raw NIMS data numbers by applying band-dependent sensitivities, which are in turn products of ground and flight calibrations, of the commanded gain state and chopper mode and of the focal-plane-assembly (FPA) temperature. 4.3 - Data Format The primary gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product is assembled in a FITS (Flexible Image Transport System) file format and a detached NASA PDS 3 label file. The FITS file contains a set of three band sequential three dimensional little endian floating point arrays. The first array contains the radiance values of the asteroid 951 Gaspra highest spatial resolution observation. The second array contains the per pixel wavelength values for the radiance array. The third array is a three dimensional array that contains the radiance precision of each pixel of the radiance spectral image cube. The NASA PDS label file contains a file description of the FITS file and the geometry information of the asteroid 951 Gaspra NIMS observation in an ASCII format. 5 - EXTRA PRODUCTS Two extra products are included in the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance volume: A .TIF image file that contains a 0.73 micrometer wavelength image (band 1) from the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fits file. A .TIF image file containing a spectralplot of selected samples from the gaspra_nims_radiance.fits file. 6A - CALIBRATION NOTES The gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product was calibrated using the sensitivity and dark current values calculated for the file e1wanta2.qub. These values were selected from the 1990 Galileo NIMS observation of Antarctica due to the fact that it was near the October 29, 1991 asteroid 951 Gaspra observations in time and that it produced values that agreed with the spectral image measurements of the same target with the Galileo Solid State Imager experiment. Values from other phases of the Galileo mission were tested (Earth Moon 2 encounter and the Jupiter Tour) and did not agree with values from the Solid State Imager experiment, ground based Eight Color Asteroid Survey data, or NASA Infrared Telescope Facility data. This is most likely due to changes in the Galileo NIMS silicon detectors (1 and 2) that transpired later in the mission. 6B - POINTING GEOMETRY NOTES The primary file geometry for the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product was calculated through the use of the NAIF Toolkit IDL tools. The projection of the NIMS pixel values was checked via a limbfit to the Galileo Solid State Imager highest resolution images acquired during the NIMS observation sequence that collected the data for the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product. 7 - DISK DIRECTORY STRUCTURE The files on this data volume are organized by several top-level directories with subdirectories where appropriate. The following table shows the structure and content of these directories. In the table, directory names are followed by a designation, upper-case letters indicate an actual directory or file name, and lower-case letters indicate the general form of directory names or file names. DIRECTORY or FILENAME CONTENTS Top-level or root directory |- AAREADME.TXT Introduction to the NIMS CUBE CD-ROM. | |- ERRATA.TXT Known errata for this and earlier volumes, | liens for the future. | |- VOLDESC.CAT A description of the contents of this CD-ROM | volume in a format readable by both humans and | computers. CALIB This directory contains NIMS calibration | data. | | |- CALINFO.TXT Information file pointing to a NIMS data | file with calibration values. | |- CALIB.TAB PDS table file that contains the calibration | and dark current values used to calibrate the | spectral image cube in the data directory. | |- CALIB.LBL PDS label file that describes the CALIB.TAB file. | CATALOG This directory contains copies of PDS catalog | files (extension '.CAT') relevant to this CD-ROM. | |- CATINFO.TXT Description of files in directory. | |- MISSION.CAT A description of the Galileo Mission to Jupiter. | |- INSTHOST.CAT A description of the Galileo spacecraft and its | major components, including the orbiter and the | probe. | |- INST.CAT A description of the NIMS instrument and its | operating modes. | |- ASTTDS.CAT A description of the Tube dataset for targeted | observations of the asteroids. (G1 CD only.) | |- PERSON.CAT Contact information on person who built the | gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product | |- REF.CAT Collected references for the above catalog files. DATA This directory contains the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance | data product files. | |- GASPRA_NIMS_HIRES_RADIANCE.FITS FITS file containing the | spectral image of asteroid 951 Gaspra NIMS data | in units of radiance (cgs). | |- GASPRA_NIMS_HIRES_RADIANCE.LBL A detached PDS label file | for the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fits file. DOCUMENT This directory contains document files | (extension '.TXT') describing products, | missions, organization, etc.. | |- DOCINFO.TXT Description of files in directory. | |- VOLINFO.TXT A detailed description of the contents and | organization of this CD-ROM volume (this file). | |- NIMSINST.TXT A brief description, with references, of the | Near Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (NIMS) | instrument. Each cube file has a label pointer | to this file. | |- GDINFO.TXT Description of files in directory. | |- NIMSGD.LBL PDS label describing the NIMS Guide formats. | | (PostScript Versions of the Gaspra NIMS Guide) | |- NIMSGD0.PS Title Page, Foreword, Contents | |- NIMSGD1.PS Chapter 1: Introduction | |- NIMSGD2.PS Chapter 2: Orbit Overview | |- NIMSGD3.PS Chapter 3: Orbit Geometry | |- NIMSGD4.PS Chapter 4: Sequence Summary | |- NIMSGD5.PS Chapter 5: Detailed Observation Designs | |- NIMSGD6.PS Chapter 6: Playback Summary | |- INSTINFO.TXT Description of files in directory | |- INSTPUB.ASC ASCII version of the Text and Tables from the | Instrument paper. | |- INSTFGnn.PS PostScript files for Figures, nn = 01-14, from | the Instrument paper. | |- INSTPUB.LBL PDS label describing ASCII and PostScript files | mentioned above. EXTRAS This directory contains the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance | browse images. | |- GASPRA_NIMS_HIRES_RADIANCE.TIF TIF file containing the | 0.73 micrometer image of asteroid 951 Gaspra | from the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fits file. | |- GASPRA_NIMS_HIRES_RADIANCE_PLOT.TIF TIF file containing sample | spectral plots from the | gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fits file. INDEX This directory contains various index table | and index label files. | |- INDXINFO.TXT Description of files in directory. | |- INDEX.TAB Cube information index table for current volume. | |- INDEX.LBL PDS label describing INDEX.TAB content. 8 - INDEX FILES An index file is located in the INDEX directory of this data volume and has a name ending with the characters ".TAB". An index file is a 'table' arranged by rows (records) and columns (fields) and provides important information about the NIMS data. In this tables, non-numeric fields are enclosed by double-quote characters, all fields are delimited by commas, and the last two bytes in each record are carriage-control and line-feed characters. This ".TAB" file is associated with a PDS label file whose name ends with ".LBL". This .LBL file is a PDS Object Description Language (ODL) description of the contents of the corresponding .TAB file. 9 - CALIBRATION AND GEOMETRY FILES 9.1 - Calibration and Dark Files The sources for calibration and dark current values is included in this data volume. Both sets of values used for the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance product can be found in the calib.tab file that is stored in the calib directory. These are data values determined from NIMS observations during the Galileo Earth-Moon 1 encounter. 9.2 - Geometry Files Geometry files are not included in this data volume. The geometry calculated for the included data product were derived from the following SPICE files available from NAIF (http://naif.jpl.nasa.gov) using the NAIF toolkit: s970311a.bsp - spk file naif0008.tls - lsk file mips010314.tpc - pck file mk00062a.tsc - sdk file Kay Edwards' map of Galileo boom obscurations as a function of scan platform cone and clock angles is used to remove boom interference from NIMS products. It has an embedded PDS label, and is in the GEOMETRY directory of each cube CD. 10 - SOFTWARE No software is provided with the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data volume. The FITS formatted file can be read with astronomical image software packages that can ingest the FITS file format. This includes IDL, a product of ITTVIS (http://www.ittvis.com) with the IDL Astronomy User's Library at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center at http://idlastro.gsfc.nasa.gov . ISIS (Integrated Software for Imagers and Spectrometers) 3.0 may also be used to ingest the FITS file for analysis and is available from the USGS via http://isis.astrogeology.usgs.gov/ . 11 - LABEL KEYWORD DESCRIPTIONS Keyword Descriptions for the floating label of a FITS formatted NIMS radiance file. Explanations are either interspersed with the label statements, or placed on the right hand side of individual statements within quotation " " marks. Remarks between /* and */ delimiters are actual in-label comments. All labels are compliant with the PDSCAT1R82 definitions. 11.1 - FITS pds label (attached) [The sample is a FITS pds label. It is a separate file from the FITS data file.] PDS_VERSION_ID = PDS3 DD_VERSION_ID = "PDSCAT1R82" LABEL_REVISION_NOTE = "LABEL VERSION 0" /* File Characteristics */ RECORD_TYPE = FIXED_LENGTH RECORD_BYTES = 2880 FILE_RECORDS = 472 /* Pointers to Data Objects */ ^HEADER = "gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fit" ^SPECTRAL_QUBE = ("gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fit",3) ^EXTENSION_WAVELENGTH_HEADER = ("gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fit",159) ^EXTENSION_WAVELENGTH_IMAGE = ("gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fit",160) ^EXTENSION_ERROR_HEADER = ("gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fit",316) ^EXTENSION_ERROR_IMAGE = ("gaspra_nims_hires_radiance.fit",317) /* Identification Data Elements */ DATA_SET_ID = "GO-A-NIMS-4-GASPRACUBE-V1.0" PRODUCT_ID = "GASPRA-HIRES-NIMS-RAD" PRODUCT_NAME = "GASPRA-HIRES-NIMS-RAD" INSTRUMENT_HOST_NAME = "GALILEO ORBITER" INSTRUMENT_NAME = "NEAR INFRARED MAPPING SPECTROMETER" INSTRUMENT_ID = "NIMS" TARGET_NAME = "951 GASPRA" START_TIME = 1991-10-29T22:20:56 STOP_TIME = 1991-10-29T22:28:15 START_JULIAN_DATE_VALUE = 2448559.4312 STOP_JULIAN_DATE_VALUE = 2448559.4362 SPACECRAFT_CLOCK_START_COUNT = "1073178.04.0" SPACECRAFT_CLOCK_STOP_COUNT = "1073185.25.0" PRODUCT_CREATION_TIME = 2012-07-27T07:33:00 PRODUCT_TYPE = "GEOMED_CALIBRATED_IMAGE" /* Descriptive Data Elements */ SPICE_FILE_NAME = ("s970311a.bsp", "naif0008.tls", "mips010314.tpc", "mk00062a.tsc") MISSION_NAME = "GALILEO" MISSION_PHASE_NAME = "GASPRA ENCOUNTER" OBSERVATION_TYPE = "NIMS FIXED MAP" OBSERVATION_ID = "GAPNGASPAT01" TARGET_CENTER_DISTANCE = 4376.69 TARGET_HELIOCENTRIC_DISTANCE = 329616030.0 SC_SUN_POSITION_VECTOR = (-76005976.0, 3.2051194e+008, -11761397.0) TARGET_SUN_POSITION_VECTOR = (-76001854.0, 3.2051851e+008, -11761393.0) TARGET_GEOCENTRIC_DISTANCE = 410618250.0 SC_EARTH_POSITION_VECTOR = (44028901.0, 4.0807449e+008, -11759634.0) EARTH_TARGET_POSITION_VECTOR = (-44033022.0, -4.0808106e+008, 11759631.0) HORIZONTAL_PIXEL_SCALE = 1285.2 VERTICAL_PIXEL_SCALE = 1285.2 PHASE_ANGLE = 49.07 PROCESSING_HISTORY_TEXT = "This data is derived from DN values in PDS file GAP016TN.QUB and calibrated with values from the PDS file G1GNGLOBAL01A_MSY04.IOF" /* Data Object Definitions */ OBJECT = HEADER BYTES = 5760 HEADER_TYPE = "FITS" INTERCHANGE_FORMAT = "BINARY" RECORDS = 2 DESCRIPTION = "FITS format defined in NASA/Science Office Standards Technology 100-1.0" END_OBJECT = HEADER OBJECT = SPECTRAL_QUBE AXES = 3 AXIS_NAME = (SAMPLE, LINE, BAND) ISIS_STRUCTURE_VERSION = "2.1" /* Core Description */ CORE_ITEMS = (100, 66, 17) CORE_NAME = "CALIBRATED SPECTRAL RADIANCE" CORE_ITEM_BYTES = 4 CORE_ITEM_TYPE = IEEE_REAL CORE_BASE = 0.000000 CORE_MULTIPLIER = 1.000000 CORE_UNIT = "uWATT*CM**-2*SR**-1*uM**-1" CORE_NULL = -1.0 CORE_VALID_MINIMUM = 0.0 CORE_LOW_REPR_SATURATION = -32767.0 CORE_LOW_INSTR_SATURATION = -32766.0 CORE_HIGH_REPR_SATURATION = -32765.0 CORE_HIGH_INSTR_SATURATION = -32764.0 SUFFIX_ITEMS = (0,0,0) SUFFIX_BYTES = 4 GROUP = BAND_BIN BANDS = 17 BAND_BIN_UNIT = MICROMETER BAND_BIN_FILTER_NUMBER = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) BAND_BIN_BAND_NUMBER = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17) BAND_BIN_CENTER = (0.7360, 0.8750, 1.0546, 1.3326, 1.6110, 1.8914, 2.1728, 2.4529, 2.7382, 3.0178, 3.3012, 3.5839, 3.8670, 4.1503, 4.4343, 4.7164, 4.9988) BAND_BIN_WIDTH = (0.0125, 0.0125, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250, 0.0250) BAND_BIN_BASE = (0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0, 0.0) BAND_BIN_MULTIPLIER = (1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0, 1.0) END_GROUP = BAND_BIN END_OBJECT = SPECTRAL_QUBE OBJECT = EXTENSION_WAVELENGTH_HEADER BYTES = 2880 HEADER_TYPE = "FITS" INTERCHANGE_FORMAT = "BINARY" RECORDS = 15 DESCRIPTION = "This extension contains the wavelength values, per pixel, for the image array." END_OBJECT = EXTENSION_WAVELENGTH_HEADER OBJECT = EXTENSION_WAVELENGTH_IMAGE LINE_SAMPLES = 100 LINES = 66 BANDS = 17 SAMPLE_BITS = 32 SAMPLE_TYPE = "IEEE_REAL" LINE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION = "UP" SAMPLE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION = "RIGHT" UNIT = "MICROMETERS" END_OBJECT = EXTENSION_WAVELENGTH_IMAGE OBJECT = EXTENSION_ERROR_HEADER BYTES = 2880 HEADER_TYPE = "FITS" INTERCHANGE_FORMAT = "BINARY" RECORDS = 15 DESCRIPTION = "This extension contains the radiance precision values, per pixel, for the image array." END_OBJECT = EXTENSION_ERROR_HEADER OBJECT = EXTENSION_ERROR_IMAGE LINE_SAMPLES = 100 LINES = 66 BANDS = 17 SAMPLE_BITS = 32 SAMPLE_TYPE = "IEEE_REAL" LINE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION = "UP" SAMPLE_DISPLAY_DIRECTION = "RIGHT" UNIT = "uWATT*CM**-2*SR**-1*uM**-1" END_OBJECT = EXTENSION_ERROR_IMAGE END 12 - WHOM TO CONTACT FOR INFORMATION For information pertaining to the contents of this data volume. --------------------------------------------------------- James Granahan SAIC 10932 Blake Lane Bealeton, VA 22712 e-mail: james.c.granahan@saic.com phone: (703) 400-1573 13 - ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product was created for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration Planetary Data System with support from contract NNH10CD54C with Science Application International Corporation through the Planetary Mission Data Analysis Program. Format guidance for the data product was provided by Carol Neese of the Planetary Science Institute. A special thanks also goes to NASA and the Galileo NIMS team (led by Dr. Robert Carlson of Jet Propulsion Laboratory) for flying the Galileo mission to asteroid 951 Gaspra, conducting the spectral observations, and archiving the data to the NASA PDS system. This work is also indebted to NASA Goddard Space Flight Center that maintains the Flexible Image Transportation System (FITS) file format and the IDL user's astronomical libary, the Navigation and Ancillary Information Facility (NAIF) at JPL, and the software team at the United States Geological Survey that maintains the Imaging Software for Imagers and Spectrometers (ISIS). All of these parties contributed in the creation of the gaspra_nims_hires_radiance data product. 14 - REFERENCES 1. R. W. Carlson, P. R. Weissman, W. E. Smythe, J. C. Mahoney, and the NIMS Science and Engineering Teams, "Near-Infrared Mapping Spectrometer Experiment on Galileo", Space Science Reviews 60, 457-502, 1992. [This volume also contains papers describing the other Galileo instruments.]