OBJECT = MISSION MISSION_NAME = "GALILEO" OBJECT = MISSION_INFORMATION MISSION_START_DATE = 1977-10-01 MISSION_STOP_DATE = 1997-11-11 MISSION_ALIAS_NAME = "JUPITER ORBITER-PROBE (JOP)" MISSION_DESC = " Mission Overview ================ The Galileo mission utilized a single launch of a combined Orbiter and Probe using the space shuttle Atlantis and an inertial upper stage (IUS) to inject the Galileo spacecraft on its interplanetary trajectory to Jupiter. The launch occured October 18, 1989. Since the IUS does not have the energy to inject Galileo on a direct trajectory to Jupiter, the spacecraft was launched first towards Venus for the first leg of its Venus-Earth-Earth gravity assist (VEEGA) trajectory. Target-of-opportunity science observations were made at Venus (closest approach February 10, 1990), the first Earth encounter (closest approach to Earth and Moon December 8, 1990), the asteroid Gaspra (closest approach October 29, 1991), the second Earth encounter (closest approach to Earth and Moon December 8, 1992), and the asteroid Ida (closest approach August 28, 1993). At about 150 days before Galileo arrives at Jupiter, the Probe will be separated from the Orbiter. From this moment, the Probe will be on a ballistic trajectory to the Probe entry point, about 6 degrees north latitude, into the atmosphere of Jupiter. Using its 400 Newton engine for the first time, the Orbiter executes an Orbiter deflection maneuver to keep from following the Probe into the atmosphere of Jupiter, and to retarget the Orbiter to the proper encounter conditions required for the Jupiter Orbit Insertion phase of the mission. A close flyby (about 1,000 kilometer altitude) of the Jovian satellite Io will occur during the Jupiter Orbit Insertion phase. This flyby will permit science observations and will slow the Orbiter down relative to Jupiter by nearly 200 meters/second in order to reduce the propellant required during the Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI). Perijove of about 4 Jupiter radii occurs about 4 hours after Io encounter. A few minutes after perijove passage, the Probe entry and beginning of the relay of data from the Probe to the Orbiter occurs. The Probe mission and data relay lasts 75 minutes, after which JOI is performed, slowing the Orbiter down relative to Jupiter by about 630 meters/second. The initial orbit period is about 200 days. A large 400 Newton engine burn is performed at the first apojove in order to raise perijove from 4 Jupiter radii to about 9 Jupiter radii, thus allowing at least 11 orbits with 10 targeted satellite encounters to be completed by the Orbiter without exceeding the allowed total accumulated radiation exposure at the spacecraft. Only three orbits would be allowed before exceeding this limit if perijove were allowed to stay at 4 Jupiter radii, where the radiation environment is very severe. Also during this perijove raise maneuver, Galileo is targeted to the satellite Ganymede, the first of its Galilean satellite encounters following JOI. At this point, the targeting to satellite encounters begins, such that a satellite tour consisting of a minimum of 10 targeted satellite encounters is achieved within the 23 month period allotted for the satellite tour. During the course of the satellite tour, the orientation, shape and size of the spacecraft orbits around the Jovian system, referred to as petals because of how the spacecraft orbits appear on a plan view of the Jovian satellite tour trajectory, is controlled almost exclusively by gravity assists of the satellites themselves. The orbit periods are pumped down by successive encounters with the satellites from the initial 200 days to approximately 35-40 days between encounters. At the 9th orbit, when the orbit petal orientation is approximately in the anti-sun direction, the period is again pumped up to about 100 days, allowing one of the primary objectives, probing the Jovian magnetotail, to be accomplished. After this magnetotail orbit, the period is again pumped down, by gravity assist encounters with the Jovian satellites, to 35-40 days for the final 2-3 targeted encounters. (Refer to GLLMS1991, GLLSRD1989; and GLLIOM1992). Mission Phases ============== LAUNCH ------ Galileo was launched on October 18, 1989 at 1654 GMT aboard the Space Shuttle Atlantis (OV-104), flight STS-34. An Inertial Upper Stage (IUS-19) placed Galileo on its Earth- to-Venus trajectory. Following the IUS burn, Galileo configured itself for solo flight and separated from the IUS on October 19, 1989 at 0107 GMT. (Refer to GLLMS1991). Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : VENUS Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-10-18T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1989-10-19T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY INTERPLANETARY CRUISE --------------------- The trajectory of the spacecraft from Earth to Jupiter was dictated by the limited propulsion capability allowed within the Space Shuttle to boost the spacecraft from Earth orbit to an interplanetary trajectory. This limit prevented a direct trajectory from Earth to Jupiter; instead a 'VEEGA' trajectory was used to achieve the energy necessary to send Galileo to Jupiter. The acronym VEEGA is from the trajectory description: Venus-Earth-Earth Gravity Assist. In this trajectory, Galileo passes Venus once, then flies by Earth twice, thus obtaining three gravity assists before heading toward Jupiter. (Refer to SSR1992.) The Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase includes the following phases: Earth-Venus Cruise, Venus Encounter, Venus-Earth Cruise, Earth1 Encounter, Earth-Earth Cruise, Gaspra Encounter, Earth2 Encounter, Earth-Jupiter Cruise, Ida Encounter, Shoemaker-Levy 9 Encounter, Probe Release. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : VENUS Target Name : EARTH Target Name : IDA Target Name : GASPRA Target Name : SHOEMAKER/LEVY 9 Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-10-19T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-10-08T00:00:0 EARTH-VENUS CRUISE ------------------ The Earth-Venus Cruise phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It lasted from the end of the Launch sequence to March 5, 1990. This phase included the encounter with the planet Venus. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : VENUS Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-10-19T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1990-02-19T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY 4-DAY CHECKOUT -------------- The 4-Day Checkout phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : N/A Mission Phase Start Time : 1989-12 Mission Phase Stop Time : UNK Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY VENUS ENCOUNTER --------------- The Venus Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. A 10-day single load sequence provided the sequencing resources for the Venus encounter. Most of the data gathered were put onto the onboard tape recorder, since the high gain antenna had to remain furled behind its sunshade during this near-sun activity, and the low gain antenna did not have the performance for real-time science data transmission to Earth during the Venus encounter. The Venus encounter data was played back to Earth in November 1990, when Galileo was close enough to Earth that science data rates could be achieved over the low gain antenna. Upstream energetic particles were detected, bowshock crossings were indicated, and the plasma wave instrument saw evidence of lightning discharges. Eighty-one images by the Solid State Imaging experiment were taken, which proved useful in atmospheric motion studies. In addition, the Venus encounter yielded radio tracking data which have been analyzed by the Radio Science (Celestial Mechanics) Team to obtain a mass estimate for Venus. In contrast to the other experiments, the Radio Science data were not stored on the spacecraft recorder, but were available in real time on Earth for analysis. (Refer to GLLMS1991). Closest approach to Venus occurred February 10, 1990 at an altitude of 16,123 km. at 05:58:48 UTC. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : VENUS Time of closest approach : 1990-02-10T05:58:48 Mission Phase Start Time : 1990-02-06T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1990-02-16T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY VENUS-EARTH CRUISE ------------------ The Venus Cruise phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It included the interplanetary cruise from Venus, around the sun, and back to and past the Earth. This phase also included the first Earth encounter. The primary science gathering during this period was performed through EUV, DDS, MAG and the USO Redshift experiments. In November 1990, as the spacecraft approached the first Earth encounter, the three DMS tracks of Venus data were successfully played back. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Target Name : MOON Mission Phase Start Time : 1990-02-19T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1991-04-29T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY EARTH1 ENCOUNTER ---------------- The first Earth gravity assist occurred on December 8, 1990 at a flyby altitude of 960 km at 20:34:34 UTC. The spacecraft trajectory took Galileo virtually up the Earth's magnetotail, providing unprecedented opportunity for fields and particles measurements. The plasma science experiment results brought into question the validity of the previous assumption that the bulk flows of the ion and electron plasmas in the distant magnetotail are identical. Spectral mapping observations of Australia and Antarctica were made by the near infrared mapping spectrometer. A first ever time-lapse movie, in six colors, of the rotating Earth over a period slightly greater than one day was made by the Solid State Imaging experiment. Multispectral imaging of the western nearside and eastern farside of the Moon were obtained by the SSI. This data showed that Orientale Basin ejecta deposits are similar to typical highlands deposits such as the soils at the Apollo 16 site, while observations of the South Pole-Aitken basin interior contain characteristics that appear distinctively different from that of nearside maria, thus providing new information on mare deposits on the limb and farside of the Moon. The High-Gain Antenna Deployment planned for April 11, 1991 was unsuccessful, most likely due to an incomplete release of three HGA ribs. Future attempts for rib release were then scheduled for Earth-Earth Cruise. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Time of closest approach : 1990-12-08T20:34:34 Target Name : MOON Mission Phase Start Time : 1990-11-08T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1990-12-16T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY EARTH-EARTH CRUISE ------------------ The Earth-Earth cruise phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It included the interplanetary cruise from Earth, around the sun, and back to and past the Earth a second time. Key activites included the on-going HGA Recovery effort, which proved unsuccessful, encounters with the asteroid Gaspra as well as with Earth, collection of cruise science data, SSI cover and EPD shade deployments and opportunities for radio science experiments at spacecraft conjunction and opposition. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Target Name : MOON Target Name : GASPRA Mission Phase Start Time : 1991-04-29T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1993-04-12T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY GASPRA ENCOUNTER ---------------- The Gaspra Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Earth Cruise phase. On 29 October 1991 Galileo passed Gaspra at a distance of approximately 1,600 km and a speed of approximately 30,000 km per hour. Color and black and white images were taken of Gaspra as well as measurements to indicate composition and physical properties. The data were stored on the spacecraft tape recorder and later played back to Earth. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GASPRA Time of closest approach : 1991-10-29T22:36:59 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY EARTH2 ENCOUNTER ---------------- The Earth2 Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Earth Cruise phase. The second Earth encounter provided an opportunity to gather Earth and Lunar science and perform instrument calibrations. Additionally, during this period Galileo participated in the GOPEX deep space laser communication experiment. The flyby altitude of the Earth 2 was approximately 304 km at 15:09 UTC. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EARTH Time of closest approach : 1992-12-08T15:09:00 Target Name : MOON Mission Phase Start Time : 1992-11-08T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1992-12-20T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY EARTH-JUPITER CRUISE -------------------- The Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase occurs during the Interplanetary Cruise phase. It covers the period from April 12, 1993 to October 8, 1995. The second Earth encounter places the spacecraft on a direct trajectory to Jupiter. Again, the spacecraft passes through the Asteroid Belt. This transit includes an August 1993 encounter with the 32-km.-diameter, S-type, main-belt asteroid, Ida. The Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase includes the following phases: Ida Encounter, Shoemaker-Levy 9 Encounter, Probe Release. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : IDA Target Name : SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 Mission Phase Start Time : 1993-04-12T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY IDA ENCOUNTER ------------- The Ida Encounter phase occurs during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase. Galileo flies by Ida in the southern hemisphere (75 degrees south ecliptic latitude) on the asteroid's dark side, passing approximately 2400 km (1500 mi) from the center of the asteroid while traveling at a speed relative to the asteroid of 12.4 km/sec (27,700 mph). During closet approach, Ida appears from Earth to be located at Right Ascension: 196.7 degrees; Declination: -8.0 degrees toward the constellation Virgo. Ida is 3-4 degrees northwest of Spica, Virgo's brightest star. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IDA Time of closest approach : 1993-08-28T16:35:00 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 ENCOUNTER -------------------------- The Shoemaker-Levy 9 Encounter phase occurred during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase. Shoemaker-Levy 9 was a comet that broke into multiple pieces during its passage by Jupiter in July 1992. On July 16,1994 these fragments began to impact Jupiter. It is estimated that between 20 and 25 struck the planet. Observations were made by the following instruments: NIMS, SSI, PPR, PWS, EUV/UVS. MAG and DDS conducted observations over a longer period of time. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9 Mission Phase Start Time : 1994-07-16T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1994-07-22T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY PROBE RELEASE ------------- The Probe Release Encounter phase occurs during the Interplanetary Cruise phase and the Earth-Jupiter Cruise phase. The Probe is released 150 days before Jupiter Orbit Insertion (JOI). Seven days after release, the Orbiter performs an Orbit Deflection Maneuver (ODM) of about 60 m/sec to place it on a trajectory which overflies the Probe during its entry and descent. The ODM is the first use of the 400 N engine. Spacecraft Id : GP Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-07-12T12:21:50 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-07-12T12:21:50 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY JUPITER ORBIT OPERATIONS ------------------------ Jupiter arrival occurs on December 3, 1995. Arrival day at Jupiter is characterized by a rapid series of high-priority engineering and science events, starting with a 32,000 km non-targeted flyby of Europa. About 4 1/2 hours after the Europa encounter, the spacecraft then flies within about 1000 km. of Io. In addition to its unique science value (this is the only close encounter of Io), the flyby is designed to provide a gravity assist which will reduce the delta-V necessary to achieve orbit around Jupiter. The probe entry occurs a little over 4 hours after the Io encounter. During the descent of the Probe its data is relayed to Earth by the Orbiter. Probe Relay lasts 75 minutes and is followed about one hour later by the JOI burn. At apojove of the insertion orbit, a large Perijove Raise Maneuver (PJR) increases the perijove altitude of the orbit and targets the spacecraft for its first encounter. From here on, the trajectory, or tour, is primarily shaped by close encounters with Ganymede, Callisto, and Europa. Ten such close encounters, one per orbit, plus a one-month 'phasing orbit' which occurs between the Europa 4 encounter and the Europa 6 encounter are planned over the 23 months of the orbital mission. There is no targeted encounter during the phasing orbit. There are several non-targeted encounters (at ranges of tens to hundreds of thousands of kilometers) of the Galilean satellites, Jovian atmospheric and magnetospheric measurements throughout the tour, and a large 'tail petal' orbit designed to explore the Jovian magnetotail. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : IO Target Name : CALLISTO Target Name : GANYMEDE Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-12-03T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER JUPITER APPROACH ---------------- The Jupiter Approach phase occurs during the Jupiter Orbit Operations phase. At 60 days before JOI, an intensive study of the Jovian system begins, including atmospheric, magnetospheric, and satellite observations. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-10-09T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-12-03T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY JUPITER 0 ORBIT --------------- The Jupiter 0 Orbit phase occurs during the Jupiter Orbit Operations phase. Jupiter arrival occurs on December 3, 1995. Arrival day at Jupiter is characterized by a rapid series of high-priority engineering and science events, starting with a 32,000 km non-targeted flyby of Europa. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-12-03T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-06-29T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER IO 0 ORBIT ---------- The Io 0 Orbit phase occurs during the Jupiter Orbit Operations phase. About 4 1/2 hours after the Europa encounter, the spacecraft flies within about 1000 km. of Io. In addition to its unique science value (this is the only close encounter of Io), the flyby is designed to provide a gravity assist which reduces the delta-V necessary to achieve orbit around Jupiter. Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : IO Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-12-02T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-12-10T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY PROBE ----- The Probe phase occurs during the Jupiter Orbit Operations phase. The probe entry occurs a little over 4 hours after the Io encounter. During the descent of the Probe its data is relayed to Earth by the Orbiter. Probe Relay lasts 75 minutes and is followed about one hour later by the JOI burn. Spacecraft Id : GP Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : JUPITER Mission Phase Start Time : 1995-12-07T22:56:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1995-12-08T00:11:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER GANYMEDE 1 ORBIT ---------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-06-29T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-09-01T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER GANYMEDE 1 ENCOUNTER -------------------- Objectives: Wake, Alfven Wing, UVS, gravity, reduce period. Altitude: 500 km, Latitude: 25 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-06-29T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-07-06T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY GANYMEDE 2 ORBIT ---------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-09-01T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-11-02T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER GANYMEDE 2 ENCOUNTER -------------------- Objectives: Alfven Wing, gravity, reduce inclination Altitude: 255 km, Latitude: 85 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-09-01T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-09-08T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY CALLISTO 3 ORBIT ---------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-11-02T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-12-15T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER CALLISTO 3 ENCOUNTER -------------------- Objectives: Wake, Alfven Wing, UVS counter-rotate, Jupiter occultation. Altitude: 1100 km, Latitude: 13 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-11-02T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-11-09T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY EUROPA 4 ORBIT -------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-12-15T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-02-14T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER EUROPA 4 ENCOUNTER ------------------ Objectives: Wake, Europa & Jupiter occultations Altitude: 695 km, Latitude: 0 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1996-12-15T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1996-12-22T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY EUROPA 6 ORBIT -------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-02-14T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-03-30T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER EUROPA 6 ENCOUNTER ------------------ Objectives: Europa, Io, and Jupiter occultations Altitude: 588 km, Latitude: 17 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-02-14T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-02-21T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY GANYMEDE 7 ORBIT ---------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-03-30T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-05-02T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER GANYMEDE 7 ENCOUNTER -------------------- Objectives: Alfven Wing. Altitude: 3065 km, Latitude: 56 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-03-30T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-04-06T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY GANYMEDE 8 ORBIT ---------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-05-02T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-06-22T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER GANYMEDE 8 ENCOUNTER -------------------- Objectives: Ganymede & Jupiter occultations, distant UVS Altitude: 1584 km, Latitude: 29 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : GANYMEDE Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-05-02T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-05-09T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY CALLISTO 9 ORBIT ---------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-06-22T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-09-13T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER CALLISTO 9 ENCOUNTER -------------------- Objectives: Callisto & Jupiter occultations, tail petal Altitude: 416 km, Latitude: 2 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-06-22T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-06-28T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY CALLISTO 10 ORBIT ----------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-09-13T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-11-02T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER CALLISTO 10 ENCOUNTER --------------------- Objectives: Wake, Alfven Wing, Jupiter Occultation, rotate, UVS, reduce period. Altitude: 524 km, Latitude: 5 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : CALLISTO Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-09-13T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-09-20T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY EUROPA 11 ORBIT --------------- Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-11-02T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-12-07T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : ORBITER EUROPA 11 ENCOUNTER ------------------- Objectives: Alfven Wing, Earth occultation Altitude: 1119 km, Latitude: 66 degrees Spacecraft Id : GO Target Name : EUROPA Mission Phase Start Time : 1997-11-02T00:00:0 Mission Phase Stop Time : 1997-11-09T00:00:0 Spacecraft Operations Type : FLYBY " MISSION_OBJECTIVES_SUMMARY = " Mission Objectives Summary ========================== The Galileo mission is designed to make long-term investigations of the Jovian system using a spacecraft consisting of a Probe and an Orbiter. The Probe, after being released on the initial approach to Jupiter, will enter the Jovian atmosphere and make in-situ measurements. The Probe data will be relayed to Earth by the Orbiter. The Orbiter will then enter orbit around Jupiter for a 23-month, 10-satellite encounter tour of the Jovian system. Specific science objectives of the Galileo mission are: Jovian Atmosphere: Determine and investigate the chemical composition; structure to at least 10 bars; radiative heat balance; circulation and dynamics; nature of cloud particles. Gaspra, Ida, and Galilean Satellites: Characterize the morphology, geology and physical state; investigate the surface mineralogy and surface distribution of minerals. Galilean Satellites: Determine the gravitational and magnetic fields and dynamic properties; study the atmospheres, ionospheres and extended gas clouds; study the magnetospheric interactions of the satellites. Jovian Magnetosphere: Characterize the vector magnetic fields and the energy spectra, composition and angular distribution of plasma and energetic particles, including plasma wave phenomena, out to 150 Rj." END_OBJECT = MISSION_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = EARTH END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = GASPRA END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = JUPITER END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = MOON END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = VENUS END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = IDA END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = "SHOEMAKER-LEVY 9" END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = GANYMEDE END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = CALLISTO END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_HOST INSTRUMENT_HOST_ID = GO OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET TARGET_NAME = EUROPA END_OBJECT = MISSION_TARGET END_OBJECT = MISSION_HOST OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "CHAPMAN1991" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "CLARKE1988" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "CLARKE1989" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "FANALE1990" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "FRANK1991" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "GLLIOM1992" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "GLLMS1991" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "GLLPP1985" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "GLLSRD1989" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "HEAD1991B" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "INGERSOLL1991" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION REFERENCE_KEY_ID = "SSR1992" END_OBJECT = MISSION_REFERENCE_INFORMATION END_OBJECT = MISSION END